ࡱ> )(  >/ 00DTimes New Roman(0(z[ 0 DArialNew Roman(0(z[ 0  DMonotype Sorts(0(z[ 0 0DCourier Newts(0(z[ 0  1@ .  @n?" dd@  @@`` LDp[M<' &$ 0AAf3@8/0 g4BdBd@z[ 0ppp@ <4!d!dl 0+uʚ;2Nʚ;<4ddddl|- 0X<4BdBdl|- 0X@ r0___PPT10 2___PPT9/ 0? %"B8Teaching and Learning Databases  5Dr. Stphane Bressan National University of Singapore(6 /&  ! # Why Databases?   $" Persistence  UHow can data survive the process that created them, and be reused by other processes?6V ' V 1, Persistence  BMain Memory is volatile Secondary or tertiary memory is persistent6C!  C %!&#Large Amounts of Data  BHow to manage large amounts of data? Issues: Cost Addressing Speed8-  C '$Large Amounts of Data  When data is to be stored on secondary or tertiary storage, then we need to devise efficient algorithms taking into account the dominant cost of Input/Output operations (I/Os) Such algorithms are called external algorithms (e.g. sort) $  %Homogeneous Data (The Good News!) & Collections of similar objects We can predict access patterns We can devise indexing and access methods for efficient storage, update, and retrievalR .   (Collections of) Structured Data ! We can invent data models and design applications around the data by defining the application schema record(last name: Smith, first name: Michael, ss#: 67534132) difficult for multimedia data (text, video, sound, etc)\eu :u&  E 2- (Collections of) Structured Data ! We can invent specialised languages for data definition and manipulation (COBOL, SQL) CREATE TABLE employee (first_name char(32), last_name CHAR(32)) SELECT last_name FROM employee WHERE first_name =  Michael \V|   |   !Concurrent and Distributed Access " [How can data be shared by users and processes that are possibly distributed over a network?6\*  \ 50.A Remark on Consistent States and Transactions / A Consistent State of the database is a state which complies with the business rules as usually defined by Integrity constraints Example:  students who have not passed cs2102 cannot take cs3223 JBYB  :4.A Remark on Consistent States and Transactions / A Transaction is a logical unit of work carried out by a user or an application for which we wish to ensure isolation and consistencyZ C    71Concurrent Access  Concurrency Control: ACID Isolation: Transactions can be understood independently from each other Consistency: If individual transactions would leave the application in a consistent state, a concurrent execution should do the same V = y  (%Sensitive Data: Integrity  tHow to guarantee and maintain the integrity of the data in spite of possible application, system, or media failures?HuM  u 83Sensitive Data: Integrity  eThe DBMS manages the recovery after failure guaranteeing durability and atomicity of the transactions6f9   f 92Sensitive Data: Integrity  Recovery: ACID Atomicity: all actions in a transaction happen or none happen Durability: effects of successful transactions lastnr  2 (   Sensitive Data: Security  &How to control the Access to the data?$' ' <6 DefinitionsrDCL: Database Control Language. 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